A. Pendahuluan
Sistem akuntansi yang dirancang dan dijalankan secara baik akan menjamin dilakukannya prinsip stewardship dan accountability dengan baik pula. Pemerintah atau unit kerja pemerintah perlu memiliki sistem akuntansi yang tidak saja berfungsi sebagai alat pengendalian transaksi keuangan, akan tetapi sistem akuntansi tersebut hendaknya mendukung pencapaian tujuan organisasi.
B. Teknik-Teknik Akuntansi Keuangan Sektor Publik
Terdapat lima teknik akuntansi keuangan yang dapat diadopsi oleh sektor publik. Pada dasarnya kelima teknik akuntansi tersebut tidak bersifat mutually exclusive. Artinya, penggunaan salah satu teknik akuntansi tersebut tidak berarti menolak penggunaan teknik yang lain.
Berikut adalah teknik-teknik akuntansi tersebut :
- Akuntansi Anggaran (budgetary accounting). Teknik akuntansi anggaran merupakan teknik akuntansi yang menyajikan jumlah yang dianggarkan dengan jumlah aktual dan dicatat secara berpasangan (double entry). Akuntansi anggaran merupakan praktik akuntansi yang banyak digunakan organisasi sektor publik, khususnya pemerintahan, yang mencatat dan menyajikan akun operasi dalam format yang sama dan sejajar dengan anggarannya. Jumlah belanja yang dianggarkan dikreditkan terhadap akun yang sesuai kemudian apabila belanja tersebut direalisasikan, maka akun tersebut didebit kembali. Saldo yang ada dengan demikian menunjukkan jumlah anggaran yang belum dibelanjakan. Teknik akuntansi anggaran dapat membandingkan secara sistematik dan kontinyu jumlah anggaran dengan realisasi anggaran. Tujuan utama teknik ini adalah untuk mmenekankan peran anggaran dalam siklus perencanaan, pengendalian, dan akuntabilitas.
- Akuntansi Komitmen (commitment accounting). Akuntansi komitmen adalah sistem akuntansi yang mengakui transaksi dan mencatatnya pada saat order dikeluarkan. Akuntansi komitmen dapat digunakan bersama-sama dengan akuntansi kas atau akuntansi akrual. Tujuan utama akuntansi komitmen adalah untuk pengendalian anggaran. Agar manajer dapat mengendalikan anggara, ia perlu mengetahui berapa besar anggaran yang dilaksanakan jika dihitung berdasarkan order yang telah dikeluarkan. Dengan menerima akun atas faktur yang diterima atau dibayarkan, ia dapat dengan mudah menghabiskan anggaran. Dengan menerima akun atas faktur yang diterima atau dibayarkan, ia dapat dengan mudah menghabiskan anggaran (overcommit). Manajer yang teliti akan tahu bahwa akun-akun tidak memasukkan order yang dikeluarkan yang mana faktur belum diterima dan oleh karena itu ia membuat catatan sendiri agar ia tidak melakukan pemborosan anngaran. Akuntansi komitmen berfokus pada order yang dikeluarkan. Order yang diterima terkait dengan pendapatan tidak akan dicatat sebelum faktur dikirimkan. Meskipun akuntansi komitmen dapat memperbaiki pengendalian terhadap anggaran, namun terdapat masalah dalam pengadopsian sistem tersebut ke dalam akun-akun keuangan. Akun yang dicatat hanya didukung oleh order yang dikeluarkan. Pada umumnya tidak ada kewajiban hukum (legal liability) untuk patuh terhadap order yang terjadi dan order tersebut dapat dengan mudah dibatalkan.
- Akuntansi Dana (Fund Accounting). Akuntansi dana merupakan salah satu alternatif sistem akuntansi di sektor publik yang dikembangkan dari basis kas dan prosedur pengendalian anggaran. Disektor publik, dana kas cukup penting dan berpengaruh terhadap pengambilan keputusan. Besarnya dana kas sangat mempengaruhi anggaran organisasi sektor publik. Jadi, sistem akuntansi harus memprioritaskan pada pengelolaan dana kas. Pada organisasi sektor publik masalah utama yang dihadapi adalah pencarian sumber dana dan alokasi dana. Saat ini dalam akuntansi dana, “dana” dimaknai sebagai entitas anggaran dan entitas akuntansi yang terpisah, termasuk sumber daya nonkas dan utang diperhitungkan di dalamnya. Teori akuntansi dana pada awalnya dikembangkan oleh Vatter (1947) untuk tujuan organisasi bisnis. Pada waktu itu ia melihat bahwa antara perusahaan pribadi dengan perusahaan badan memiliki beberapa kelemahan. Kelemahan tersebut adalah, pertama perusahaan perorangan (milik pribadi) kurang menguntungkan dibandingkan dengan perusahaan yang dimiliki publik (perseroan terbatas). Kedua, adanya kesalahan dalam memahami makna entitas. Berdasarkan kedua hal tersebut Vatter berpendapat bahwa reporting unit harus diperlakukan sebagai dana (fund) dan organisasi harus dilihat sebagai satu dana atau satu rangkaian dana. Hal ini berarti jika suatu organisasi dilihat sebagai suatu rangkaian dana (series of fund), maka laporan keuangan organisasi tersebut merupakan penggabungan (konsolidasi) dari laporan keuangan dana yang menjadi bagian organisasi.
"A fiscal and accounting entity with a self-balancing set of accounts recording cash and other financial resources, together with all related liabilities and residual equities or balances, and changes therein, which are segregated for the purpose of carrying on specific activities or attaining certain objectives in accordance with special regulations, restrictions, and limitations"
Perbandingan akuntansi dana pd org bisnis dg sektor publik sbb:
- Sistem akuntansi pemerintah yang dilakukan dengan konsep dana, memperlakukan unit kerja sebagai accounting entity dan budget entity yang berdiri sendiri.
- Sistem ini dibuat utk memastikan bahwa uang publik dibelanjakan utk tujuan yg telah ditetapkan. Dana dapat dikeluarkan bila tdpt otorisasi dr dewan legislatif, pihak eksekutif, atau krn tuntutan peraturan perundangan.
- Sistem akuntansi dana adalah metoda akuntansi yang menekankan pada pelaporan pemanfaatan dana, bukan pelaporan organisasi itu sendiri.
- Dua jenis dana pd organisasi sektor publik, yaitu:
- Expendable fund: digunakan utk menctt nilai aktiva, utang, perubahan aktiva bersih & saldo dana yg dpt dibelanjakan utk kegiatan yg tak bertujuan mencari laba. Digunakan pd governmental funds
- Nonexpendable fund: utk menctt pendapatan, biaya, aktiva, utang, & modal utk kegiatan yg sifatnya mencari laba. Digunakan pd organisasi bisnis (proprietary funds).
Penerapan akuntansi kas yaitu pendapatan dicatat pada saat kas diterima & pengeluaran dicatat ketika kas dikeluarkan. Kelebihannya, mencerminkan pengeluaran yang aktual, riil dan obyektif. Namun GAAP tak menganjurkan pencatatan dengan dasar kas karena tak dapat mencerminkan kinerja sesungguhnya.
5. Akuntansi Akrual
Akuntansi akrual dianggap lebih baik daripada akuntansi kas. Akuntansi akrual diyakini dapat menghasilkan LK yang lebih dapat dipercaya, akurat, komprehensif, & relevan untuk pengambilan keputusan ekonomi, sosial, & politik.
Pengaplikasian accrual basis dalam ASP adalah untuk menentukan cost ofservices & chargingfor services, yaitu untuk mengetahui besarnya biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan pelayanan publik serta penentuan harga pelayanan yang dibebankan kepada publik.
Aplikasi accrual basis sektor swasta digunakan untuk proper matching cost againts revenue. Perbedaan ini disebabkan karena pada sektor swasta lebih profit oriented, sedangkan sektor publik pada public service oriented.
Teknik akuntansi tsb tak bersifat mutually, artinya penggunaan satu teknik tak berarti menolak penggunaan teknik lain.
Perbedaan antara akuntansi berbasis kas dg berbasis akrual:
Single Entry dan Double Entry
- Single entry digunakan sebagai dasar pembukuan dg alasan kemudahan & kepraktisan. Namun tak dpt memberikan informasi yg komprehensif & mencerminkan kinerja sesungguhnya.
- Tuntutan good governance (transparaiisi & akuntabilitas pengelolaan keuangan organisasi sektor publik) mjdkan perubahan dr sistem single entry mjd double entry sbg solusi mendesak diterapkan.
- Aplikasi pencttn transaksi dg sistem double entry ditujukan utk
- menghasilkan LK yg auditable & traceable yg mrp faktor utama menghasilkan informasi keu yg dpt dipertanggungjawabkan kpd publik.
- Dpt dilakukan pengukuran kinerja scr lebih tepat.
32 komentar:
Terimakasih Infonya
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Perkenalkan saya mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi di UII Yogyakarta
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twitter : @profiluii
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